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Sri Lanka’s Education Minister: New Reforms for 2024

Sri Lanka’s Education Minister: New Reforms for 2024

Sri Lanka’s Education Minister announced a pilot program for reforms starting in 2024. The changes will affect all grades and cover policy, curriculum, teaching methods, and student assessment.

The reforms aim to digitize the entire education system. This effort will receive support from local and foreign sponsors. The ministry plans to change exam schedules for GCE O/L and A/L.

The 2024 budget allocates Rs. 517 billion to education. The Ministry of Education will receive Rs. 237 billion. Provincial education will get Rs. 280 billion.

The increased funding will support new initiatives. These include hiring 2,535 teachers for estate schools. A special program for early childhood development is also planned.

The Ministry’s digitization efforts will involve local and foreign partnerships. About 452,000 students are expected to take the G.C.E. (O/L) exam. Of these, 388,000 will be first or second-time attendees.

Education Ministry Announces Pilot Program for New Reforms

Sri Lanka’s Education Ministry will launch a pilot program in 2024. It introduces reforms to change the nation’s learning landscape. The program focuses on classroom technology and skill-based learning for grades 1-13.

The reforms aim to digitalize the entire education system. Local and foreign sponsors support this transformative initiative. The ministry wants to improve education quality and prepare students for a digital world.

Restructuring Examinations and Accelerating University Completion

The ministry proposes changes to key examination schedules. Students will take GCE O/L in Grade 10 and GCE A/L in Grade 12. This change allows students to finish university before turning 21.

Empowering Educators and Enhancing Infrastructure

The 2024 budget allocates Rs 517 billion for education. Rs 237 billion is for national initiatives, and Rs 280 billion for provincial education development. These funds will help recruit 2,535 teachers for estate schools.

The ministry has created a special program for early childhood development. It targets children aged 3-5. This initiative aims to nurture young minds and build a strong learning foundation.

Sri Lanka is starting a transformative educational journey. The ministry wants to create a tech-savvy learning environment. These reforms aim to produce well-rounded, globally competitive individuals for a brighter future.

Increased Budget Allocation for Education in 2024

Sri Lanka’s government recognizes education’s vital role in economic recovery. The Ministry of Education received a hefty Rs. 517 billion budget for 2024. This includes Rs. 237 billion for the ministry and Rs. 280 billion for provincial education.

The government remains committed to improving education despite challenges. The World Bank’s projection of 4.4% growth for Sri Lanka highlights education’s importance. Investing in education can unlock potential and create new job opportunities.

Addressing Teacher Shortages and Student Welfare

The Ministry of Education is tackling teacher shortages and student well-being. They’ve taken several key steps to address these issues.

They’re filling 50% of 808 vacant teaching positions with Treasury approval. They’ve also approved 707 teacher education service positions.

The ministry is recruiting 5,450 personnel in science, math, English, and other subjects. They’ve finished 80% of school uniform work for the year.

Plans are in place to provide meals to all school students next year. By 2030, they aim to offer lunch to every school child.

Special Programs for Children with Special Needs and Inclusive Education

The government is committed to inclusive education initiatives. They’ve created special programs for children with special needs. These programs aim to integrate these children into classrooms with their peers.

The increased budget will support these inclusive learning programs. This ensures no child is left behind in their educational journey.

Sri Lanka’s government is building a strong foundation for future growth. Investing in education will bring long-term benefits. It will equip the next generation with skills to drive economic progress.

New Educational Reforms to Be Introduced in 2024, Says Education Minister

Sri Lanka’s Education Minister announced new reforms for 2024. These changes aim to modernize education and optimize resources. The National Education Policy Framework (NEPF) outlines these reforms.

The NEPF plans to create autonomous Provincial Boards of Education. It seeks expert help to develop necessary regulations. Funding will come from existing resources and partnerships.

Private contributions will also support these educational transformations.

Cabinet Memorandum and Circular to Be Issued Soon

A cabinet memorandum detailing the reforms will be presented soon. A circular will follow shortly after. These reforms address recent disruptions in education.

Fuel shortages, power cuts, and Covid-19 have greatly impacted schools. The new changes aim to solve these issues.

Reforms Aim to Address Challenges Faced by Education Sector

The 2022 economic crisis caused major problems in Sri Lanka’s education system. Many lecturers left the country, with 1,200 academics emigrating between 2022 and 2023.

New reforms will modernize education and increase university student stipends. They’ll also address salary gaps among educators, as promised by President Anura Kumara Dissanayake.

The reforms will improve teacher training programs. This is crucial, as Sri Lanka offers many subjects for GCE O/L and A/L exams.

Proposed Changes to G.C.E. (O/L) and G.C.E. (A/L) Examination Schedules

G.C.E. (O/L) exams may move to December. G.C.E. (A/L) exams could shift to August. Interviews have filled teaching vacancies in science, technology, and foreign languages.

Over 3,000 new teachers will start at schools by June 1st. This will help address the shortage of educators in key subjects.

Education Ministry’s Reform Initiatives to Bring Significant Advancements

Sri Lanka’s Education Ministry is making big changes. They’re improving schools, especially for kids with special needs. The ministry is also increasing Zonal Education Offices to 120.

Over 500 new language teachers have joined schools nationwide. They teach Korean, German, French, Hindi, Chinese, and Japanese. This boost helps schools offer more language choices.

The ministry plans to upgrade 19 National Colleges of Education. These will become universities. This change aims to train 7,500 new teachers each year.

The recent surge in Sri Lanka’s agriculture may help fund these changes. It could also boost the country’s economy.

These reforms are part of the National Education Strategy 2024-2030. This six-year plan aims to improve life for teachers and students. It focuses on wellbeing, growth, empowerment, equity, and inclusion.

The ministry has a strong system to check the plan’s progress. They’re committed to making education better. These changes should greatly improve Sri Lanka’s schools.

FAQ

What is the Education Ministry’s plan for implementing new educational reforms in 2024?

Minister Susil Premajayantha announced a pilot program for new educational reforms across all grades. The Ministry plans to digitize the entire education system. Local and foreign sponsors will support this initiative.

When will the GCE O/L and A/L Examinations be conducted under the new reforms?

The GCE O/L Examination will take place in Grade 10. The GCE A/L Examination will be held in Grade 12. Students are expected to finish university before turning 21.

How much has been allocated to the education sector in the 2024 budget?

The 2024 budget allocates Rs. 237 billion to the Ministry of Education. An additional Rs. 280 billion is designated for education at the provincial level. The total education budget is approximately Rs. 517 billion.

What initiatives are being taken for children with special needs?

Special programs have been created for children with special needs. An inclusive education system will integrate them into regular classrooms. Schools are improving facilities to accommodate these students.

When will the cabinet memorandum and circular outlining the reforms be issued?

The cabinet memorandum detailing the reforms will be presented soon. The accompanying circular will follow shortly after.

What challenges do the new educational reforms aim to address?

The reforms tackle issues like fuel shortages, power cuts, and Covid-19 disruptions. These problems have significantly impacted the education sector.

How many language teachers have been recruited and deployed to schools?

Over 500 language teachers have joined schools across the country. They teach Korean, German, French, Hindi, Chinese, and Japanese.

What are the plans for National Colleges of Education?

Nineteen National Colleges of Education will become universities. This change aims to boost college enrollment. The goal is to produce 7,500 qualified teachers each year.

Sri Lanka Pays USD 503 Million for Debt Service in 2024

Sri Lanka Pays USD 503 Million for Debt Service in 2024

Sri Lanka’s external debt hit USD 37.5 billion by June 2024. The government is working hard to manage its debt and ensure timely repayments. This comes amid a tough economic situation for the country.

Sri Lanka Pays USD 503 Million for Debt Service During First Half of 2024

From January to June 2024, Sri Lanka paid USD 503 million in debt service. This included USD 275.1 million for principal repayments and USD 227.9 million for interest payments. These payments were part of the government’s interim debt standstill policy.

The policy aims to manage the nation’s debt while working towards economic recovery. Sri Lanka is committed to honoring its debt repayments. The country is also working with international creditors to ensure sustainable external debt.

Timely debt servicing remains a top priority for the government. The finance ministry is looking for ways to increase revenue and attract foreign investment. They also aim to promote sustainable economic growth to support debt management efforts.

Sri Lanka’s Growing External Debt Burden

Sri Lanka’s external debt has hit USD 37.5 billion as of June 2024. This comes from the Mid-Year Fiscal Position Report. The debt standstill policy, started in April 2022, led to suspended repayments and interest.

By 2019, Sri Lanka’s gross public debt reached 94 percent of GDP. This was high for emerging markets. External shocks worsened the situation from 2016 to 2019.

Total External Debt Reaches USD 37.5 Billion by June 2024

Sri Lanka’s rising external debt shows its tough road to recovery. The country is working to restructure its finances. In 2021, the current account deficit grew to 3.8 percent of GDP.

Challenges in Sustainable Debt Management and Economic Recovery

Sri Lanka faces major hurdles in managing debt and boosting its economy. In 2020, inflation hit 14.2 percent, above the Central Bank’s target. Gross international reserves fell sharply from 2019 to 2022.

Support came from Bangladesh, China, and India during the pandemic. Yet, Sri Lanka still struggles with debt restructuring and unpaid debt service. The country must find ways to grow while managing its external debt.

Breakdown of Debt Service Payments in First Half of 2024

Sri Lanka set aside $503 million for debt service payments in early 2024. This shows their dedication to managing international obligations during economic recovery. The payments were split between principal repayments and interest payments.

USD 275.1 Million Allocated for Principal Repayments

$275.1 million went towards principal repayments. These payments help reduce the overall debt burden. They also maintain Sri Lanka’s credibility with lenders and financial institutions.

USD 227.9 Million Covering Interest Payments

$227.9 million covered interest on bond payments and other financial tools. Interest payments reward creditors for lending funds. They also help Sri Lanka keep access to global money markets.

By meeting these obligations, Sri Lanka shows its commitment to financial promises. This helps maintain a stable economic environment for the country.

Impact of Debt Standstill Policy on Debt Accumulation

Sri Lanka’s interim debt standstill policy has led to significant unpaid debt accumulation. By June 2024, the policy resulted in USD 8.19 billion of unpaid debt service. This includes USD 5.67 billion in principal and USD 2.52 billion in interest.

The policy aimed to ease immediate financial pressures. However, the growing debt highlights the need for a comprehensive restructuring plan. Sri Lanka must work with the IMF and creditors to find a sustainable solution.

The IMF reports that 60% of low-income countries, including Sri Lanka, face high insolvency risk. These nations require debt relief to avoid economic collapse. Sri Lanka needs to explore innovative debt restructuring approaches.

One option is linking debt reduction to environmental conservation or sustainable development goals. By collaborating with the IMF and creditors, Sri Lanka can build a foundation for fiscal sustainability. This cooperation is key to long-term economic recovery.

The debt standstill’s impact underscores the need for effective global debt crisis tools. Policymakers must prioritize sustainable debt restructuring solutions. These should balance debtor and creditor interests while protecting critical sectors like health and education.

By addressing these challenges proactively, Sri Lanka can work towards a more stable future. Collaborative solutions are essential for the country’s prosperity and economic stability.

Sri Lanka Parliament Cuts Presidential Powers in Reform

Sri Lanka Parliament Cuts Presidential Powers in Reform

In a big change for Sri Lanka, the Parliament approved the 21st amendment. This move cuts presidential powers. It marks a move towards more democracy in this South Asian country. This major change got support from all sides, showing the country wants change during a tough financial time. The goal is to change how the government works, fight corruption, and help the economy recover.

People had protested against the former President Gotabaya Rajapaksa. This led to his stepping down. It showed people want a government that is open and careful with money. These new changes promise to limit the president’s control. They also aim to make the parliament stronger. These are important steps for political steadiness and fixing the economic problems.

Key Takeaways

  • 179 lawmakers voted for the 21st Amendment, putting limits on the Sri Lankan president’s power.
  • The amendment starts a new way of governing. A constitutional council will now guide presidential choices.
  • With these changes, President Ranil Wickremesinghe’s role comes after Gotabaya Rajapaksa was removed.
  • The 21st Amendment aims for a government that is open, skilled, and responsible. It focuses on getting the economy back on track.
  • Putting a limit on cabinet ministries will make the government run smoother and more effectively.
  • A stronger role for the parliament shows a shift towards a democracy with more control over the executive branch.
  • Important constitutional bodies and councils will enhance expertise, openness, and responsibility in how Sri Lanka is governed.

Sri Lanka’s Parliament Approves 21st Amendment to Curb Presidential Powers

The Sri Lankan Parliament has recently made a big move. They ratified the 21st Amendment to change how their country is governed. This is big news in Sri Lanka, because it aims to take away some of the president’s power. The goal is to make the country’s leadership more democratic.

Rationale Behind the Constitutional Change

Sri Lanka is facing tough economic problems. This situation led to the push for the 21st Amendment. The last amendment gave the president too much power. Now, with this change, they want to make things fairer. They aim to boost the role of Parliament and other independent groups.

The Opposition and Civil Society’s Stance

Not everyone is happy with the new amendment. Some people and groups think it doesn’t do enough to reduce the president’s power. They say it’s a good start. But, the president still has too much control over important areas. This might slow down true democratic reform and the fight against corruption, they believe.

Impact on Governance and Anti-Corruption Safeguards

This amendment is seen as a key step for fighting corruption and improving leadership in Sri Lanka. It aims to make governance more transparent and responsible. It’s also vital for Sri Lanka to get international help, like the support from the IMF. This is needed for the country to recover economically.

Also, according to news on Sri Lankan politics, this change could really shake things up. It pushes the country towards being more democratic. Everyone is watching to see how these reforms turn out, both in Sri Lanka and around the world.

Understanding the Implications of Parliament Amendment Sri Lanka

The recent constitutional amendment in Sri Lanka, known as the 21st Amendment, has made big news. It changes the political landscape a lot. Aimed at reducing the Executive President’s powers and boosting parliamentary authority, it got a large majority in Parliament. This moment is key for Sri Lanka’s politics. The amendment is about balancing government powers and answering calls for better governance.

The 21st Amendment saw great agreement in Parliament, going beyond party lines. To pass, it needed a two-thirds vote from the 225-member house. It got 179 votes in favor. This shows a rare unity in the legislature during a time when people strongly wanted change. It’s a major step in Sri Lanka’s constitutional change.

Event Votes in Favor Votes Against Abstentions Outcome
Initial Vote 179 1 (Sarath Weerasekara) 45 Passed with a two-thirds majority
Second Reading Vote 179 1 0 Amendment Approved
Third Reading Vote 174 0 1 Amendment Enacted

The 21st Amendment has an important feature. It stops people with dual citizenship from running in elections. This is to ensure leaders are fully loyal to the nation. From 1994 to 2015, every presidential candidate promised to end the Executive Presidency. This shows a strong wish for reform. The 21st Amendment follows these efforts, starting with the 19th Amendment in 2015, which also aimed to reduce presidential powers.

Looking at Sri Lanka’s current affairs, there’s a consistent effort to change the constitution. The 21st Amendment’s drafting suggested many reforms. These aimed to spread out executive powers which often got misused. The amendments are part of a push for democratic reform. They aim to strengthen legislative structures and encourage fair governance.

In conclusion, passing the 21st Amendment is a milestone in Sri Lanka’s constitutional changes. It shows major progress towards fair and democratic governance. This legislative change marks a pivotal moment in Sri Lanka’s politics. It might lead to more reforms, moving towards more democratic transparency and accountability.

Sri Lanka Governance Amendment: A Step Toward Democracy?

The Sri Lanka Governance Amendment, also known as the 21st Amendment, marks a key moment for the country. It aims to change the political scene by repealing the 20th Amendment. This gave a lot of power to President Gotabaya Rajapaksa. Now, the focus is on reducing the president’s power and strengthening democracy.

This comes as the country faces economic and political challenges. People are calling for clearer governance and better checks and balances. By bringing back parts of the 19th Amendment, Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe seeks to lessen executive power. However, some worry this doesn’t go far enough in shifting power to promote Democracy Sri Lanka.

The 21st Amendment has been approved by the cabinet to give more power to Parliament and adjust presidential powers. Critics say it doesn’t do enough to limit the President’s power. They argue it lacks strong checks and balances, unlike earlier amendments aimed at reducing government control. Still, this update in Sri Lanka Politics might spark further changes toward a democratic system.

IMF $2.9B Bailout for Sri Lankan Economic Stability

IMF $2.9B Bailout for Sri Lankan Economic Stability

The International Monetary Fund is throwing a lifeline to Sri Lanka during a tough financial crisis. They’ve agreed to help with $2.9 billion over four years. This plan aims to make Sri Lanka’s economy stable and set the stage for growth.

Sri Lanka is dealing with over $51 billion in foreign debt. With IMF’s help, they’re working on getting their economy back on track. This involves making big changes in taxes and energy prices, increasing social spending, and fighting corruption. These steps are vital for stabilizing the economy and helping everyone in Sri Lanka.

IMF Approves $2.9 Billion Bailout to Stabilize Sri Lankan Economy

With the IMF’s support, Sri Lanka is taking steps towards managing its finances better and eyeing sustainable growth. Despite a projected economic downturn and rising inflation, the country is focusing on important reforms. They are improving social security, attracting more investors, and making strong international partnerships to bounce back stronger.

IMF Approves $2.9 Billion Bailout to Stabilize Sri Lankan Economy

IMF Bailout for Sri Lanka

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has approved $2.9 billion to help Sri Lanka. This step is crucial for economic stability. It aims to end the serious financial crisis in the nation.

This bailout is part of a four-year plan. It will help the country recover economically. It also ensures long-term financial and economic health.

The Extended Fund Facility: A 48-Month Road to Recovery

The IMF’s program will last 48 months. It focuses on managing government debt, ensuring fiscal sustainability, and improving social welfare. These efforts aim at economic stability.

An immediate $333 million will help stabilize the local currency. It tackles the ongoing economic crisis.

Conditions and Expectations from Sri Lanka

Strict IMF conditions require major fiscal efforts. This includes wider tax bases and more progressive income taxes. Higher corporate and VAT taxes will boost government revenue.

The plan also involves cutting energy subsidies. Increasing tariffs will help offset the impact of government debt.

The Crucial Role of Debt Restructuring and Creditor Cooperation

IMF bailout success relies heavily on debt restructuring and creditor cooperation. With over $50 billion in external debt, talks with key creditors like China and India are vital.

Achieving agreements with major creditors and following IMF’s conditions are key. They will largely determine the economic recovery’s success.

Indicator Current Status Projected Improvement
Inflation Rate 60% Stabilize to
GDP Growth -7.8% Positive Growth by 2025
Fiscal Deficit 9.8% of GDP 2.3% of GDP by 2024

If followed well, this bailout plan could lead Sri Lanka out of crisis. It promises a stable and brighter future. The commitment from Sri Lanka and creditors shows a shared hope for recovery and lasting stability.

Sri Lanka’s Economic Turmoil: How Did We Get Here?

Sri Lanka’s economy is in a deep crisis, shaken by bad local management and worldwide problems. The country couldn’t pay back nearly $7 billion in foreign loans this year. This shows how serious Sri Lanka’s economic crisis is.

In 2022, things got worse as the economy was expected to shrink by 8.7%. The financial crisis caused inflation to jump over 60%. This downturn stopped growth and caused big shortages in fuel and medicine, hurting people’s lives.

The COVID-19 pandemic made the financial issues worse. Then, the global financial crisis caused by the conflict in Ukraine hit. It affected Sri Lanka’s tourism income and heightened food security issues, adding stress to the fragile economy.

The previous Rajapaksa government was blamed for corruption and poor economic handling. Their actions led to public anger. Ultimately, this anger forced President Gotabaya Rajapaksa out of office.

Aspect Status Before Status After Impact
Foreign Debt $51 billion Repayment suspended for nearly $7 billion Escalated financial crisis
Inflation Rate Stable Peaked at 69.8% in September 2022 Increased cost of living
Economic Growth 5% (2015) Contracted to -8.7% (2022) Reduced national income and increased poverty
GDP from Tourism Stable contributor Significantly reduced due to global conflicts Loss of major revenue source

Looking at these facts, we see the complexity of Sri Lanka’s Economic Turmoil. It’s made worse by bad policies at home and tough global challenges.

Reforms and Measures: Sri Lanka’s Path to Economic Resurgence

Sri Lanka is working hard to bounce back from tough times. Their plan involves a set of Economy Reforms, aiming for stronger financial stability. The government is teaming up with the International Monetary Fund (IMF). They’re setting into motion a plan to boost Fiscal Measures. This is key to sparking an economic comeback.

One main goal is to increase government revenue. They aim for it to hit about 15% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by 2025. This is a big jump that hopes to reduce the inflation rate. The plan also includes making tax reforms more effective.

The IMF is playing a big part in Sri Lanka’s efforts to stabilize. They have already provided around $1 billion in bailout funds. This includes $336 million given after a positive second review. The funds are aimed at tackling some big challenges. These include improving revenue collection and growing reserves.

Reforming tax regulations is also on the agenda. The aim is to make tax exemptions more transparent and limited. However, the success of these reforms depends on keeping up the momentum. There’s a risk if policies are not consistent.

There’s a bit of hope in the current economic forecasts for Sri Lanka. The country’s debt compared to its GDP is expected to fall. It should move from 128 percent to just over 100 percent by 2028. Economic growth of 2.2 percent is predicted for 2024.

There is also an expected slight surplus in fiscal balance. This marks a turning point from the brink of economic disaster. Sri Lanka’s journey to financial stability will be tough. It will require a lot of hard work on the reforms and measures in place. Nonetheless, with focused efforts and global support, the country is striving to move towards a future of financial health and prosperity.

Musk’s Starlink Wins Sri Lanka Licence | Satellite Internet

Musk’s Starlink Wins Sri Lanka Licence | Satellite Internet

In a big step for telecommunications in Sri Lanka, the country now welcomes SpaceX’s Starlink. This marks a change in laws not seen in nearly 30 years. Sri Lanka is now a leader in South Asian broadband, thanks to Elon Musk’s vision.

Musk's Starlink Wins Sri Lanka Licence

SpaceX controls 60% of the world’s active satellites. This expansion is a big deal for the area. With Starlink in Sri Lanka, the night sky is now filled with over 6,000 satellites. This step not only improves broadband but also makes SpaceX a legend.

Starlink’s license in Sri Lanka is a big win. It promises better broadband and opens doors in nearby countries, like India. This move follows global space trends, showing how satellites connect us more than ever.

Starlink’s Expansion into South Asia with Sri Lankan Presence

Elon Musk’s Starlink initiative is a big leap in tech innovation, with new operations in Sri Lanka. This move shows a strong global interest in space and helps get rural areas in South Asia online. With over 6,000 satellites, Starlink plans to change how South Asia uses satellite internet, especially in hard-to-reach places.

Sri Lanka’s new telecom laws are key to this big step. They help foreign tech companies like Starlink start up easier. One big change is the 21st Amendment, which improves governance. It helps democracy too; more info here. This makes it easier for Starlink to launch, and may lead to more tech-friendly laws in nearby countries.

Elon Musk’s Strategic Move into Emerging Markets

By focusing on fast-growing places like Sri Lanka, Starlink aims for big growth. Bringing new tech here can close the digital gap and boost the economy. It fits Musk’s goal to make the internet available worldwide, especially where it’s most needed.

Impact of Sri Lanka’s New Telecommunications Legislation on Starlink’s Entry

New laws in Sri Lanka welcome tech companies. They support an open market and lower entry barriers for firms like Starlink. Thanks to these changes, Sri Lanka could lead tech innovation in South Asia.

The Promise of Improved Broadband Connectivity in Remote Regions

Starlink aims to improve internet access in Sri Lanka’s remote areas. This will help schools, hospitals, and businesses. Connecting these areas promises a new future of opportunity beyond physical limits, helping rural development.

This tech boost is set to transform education and healthcare in Sri Lanka. Plans are in place to mix tech with learning, explained here.

Musk’s Starlink Wins Sri Lanka Licence: A Milestone for SpaceX

Getting a licence for Starlink satellite internet in Sri Lanka is a big win for Elon Musk’s SpaceX. It marks a global impact with over 7,000 satellites orbiting the Earth since September 2024. Entering Sri Lanka’s market is key, especially with the country’s $37.5 billion debt and $503 million in debt payments by mid-2024.

SpaceX’s journey has been rapid, reaching 4 million users by September 2024 compared to 1 million in December 2022. Revenue jumped from $1.4 billion in 2022 to an estimated $6.6 billion in 2024. Still, Starlink’s creation cost at least $10 billion, facing challenges such as orbital congestion affecting astronomy.

The entry into Sri Lanka boosts SpaceX in the satellite net world and supports Sri Lanka’s tech and economic strategies. It’s a big step for Sri Lanka and SpaceX, bringing new opportunities for connectivity and growth.